Ashwagandha, also known as Indian ginseng or winter cherry or by its scientific name Withania somnifera, is a small shrub with yellow flowers and whose roots and berries are used for medicinal purposes.
Ashwagandha has been traditionally used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine to boost energy, reduce anxiety, and improve overall well-being. It is, after all, an adaptogen. Substances classified as adaptogens help the body adapt to stress and maintain homeostasis. The health benefits of this plant are attributable to its active compounds, such as withanolides, alkaloids, and saponins. These compounds have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and adaptogenic properties, among others.
Recently, the potential benefits of ashwagandha for thyroid health have garnered the attention of many individuals with thyroid problems, leading to a growing interest in its use as a natural supplement for thyroid function. In this article, we will briefly examine some scientific evidence of the thyroid health impact of ashwagandha, as well as some important considerations regarding its use. We will also compare ashwagandha to other medicinal plants.
The Thyroid Gland and Its Functions
To better understand the potential effects of ashwagandha on the thyroid, let’s begin with a brief overview of the thyroid and its functions.
What is the Thyroid Gland?
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck. The primary hormones produced by the thyroid are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which influence almost every cell in the body. The production of these hormones is regulated by the action of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is released from the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain .
Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid hormones are essential for numerous bodily functions, including:
- Metabolic rate regulation
- Heart function
- Digestive function
- Muscle control
- Brain development and function
- Bone maintenance
For this reason, disorders of the thyroid, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), can lead to significant health issues.
Potential Benefits of Ashwagandha for Thyroid Health
Research on the influence of ashwagandha on thyroid hormone levels has over the years yielded “mixed” results. These results from the various studies on this topic are, however, not necessarily contradictory per se. They merely reveal the nuances involved in whether or to what extent the plant is effective in improving a specific kind of thyroid condition.
For instance, while some studies have found no significant changes in thyroid hormone levels following ashwagandha supplementation (particularly in euthyroid individuals), others have shown increases in thyroid hormone levels, particularly in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism.
A study published in 2018 in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine investigated the effects of ashwagandha on subclinical hypothyroidism. The study involved 50 participants with elevated TSH levels but normal T4 and T3 levels. These participants were given 600 mg of Ashwagandha root extract or starch (as a placebo) daily for eight weeks. The results showed a normalization in TSH levels in the treatment group, which was not the case in the placebo group.
As mentioned earlier in this article, the ashwagandha plant contains several compounds responsible for its wide range of medicinal properties. But, how exactly do they work in the body to promote thyroid function? There is enough scientific evidence showing that ashwagandha can indeed stimulate the endocrine system. As far as the thyroid is concerned, not only is ashwagandha capable of improving hormone release from the thyroid gland, it can also enhance the conversion of inactive T4 to the more active T3. Additionally, since ashwagandha is rich in antioxidants, their presence in the plant extract helps reduce oxidative stress and protect thyroid cells from damage.
There is little evidence on ashwagandha’s potential role in managing hyperthyroidism as compared to hypothyroidism. This is because ashwagandha is well known for increasing thyroid hormone levels in the blood, which can be beneficial for hypothyroid individuals. However, even for the management of hypothyroidism, the ashwagandha supplement may cause problems if the hypothyroid condition is caused by autoimmunity (Hashimoto’s disease) or coexists with an autoimmune disease such as Celiac disease, or if the supplement is used excessively. Several case reports have notably documented instances of thyrotoxicosis, a condition where the thyroid produces excessive amounts of hormones, following ashwagandha supplementation. This suggests a potential risk associated with its use, especially for individuals with hyperthyroidism. However, the extent and frequency of such adverse effects remain unclear.
Interestingly, the adaptogenic properties of ashwagandha might help manage the symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as anxiety and palpitations by reducing stress (a potential trigger for hyperthyroid conditions). A study published in the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine found that ashwagandha significantly reduced cortisol levels, a primary stress hormone, in chronically stressed adults. By modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, ashwagandha helps reduce stress and its negative impact on thyroid function. However, the potential risk of thyrotoxicosis seems to outweigh the potential adaptogenic benefits, which is why ashwagandha is typically not recommended for people with hyperthyroidism.
Considerations and Potential Risks
It’s important to note that individual responses to ashwagandha can vary significantly. Factors such as dosage, supplement quality, and underlying health conditions may influence the herb’s effects. Additionally, the risk of possible thyroid hormone contamination in ashwagandha supplements remains a significant concern. According to a study published in the Thyroid journal in 2013, many commercially available thyroid health supplements contain significant amounts of T4 and T3, and as a result can pose a risk to individuals with thyroid conditions as they may interfere with thyroid hormone medication or lead to unintended side effects.
Apart from the potential risk of thyrotoxicosis, as already mentioned in the previous section, here are some other potential risks and general considerations that need to be taken into account before ashwagandha can be considered appropriate for an individual with thyroid conditions:
1. Dosage and Standardization
The optimal dosage of ashwagandha for thyroid health is not universally established. Commonly studied doses range from 300 to 600 mg of extract per day, usually standardized to contain a certain percentage of withanolides, the active compounds in ashwagandha. However, the appropriate dosage can vary based on factors such as age, overall health, and specific health goals. Always follow the dosage recommendations on the supplement packaging or as advised by your healthcare provider to avoid potential side effects or interactions with other medications.
2. Potential Interactions with Thyroid Medications and other Medications
Ashwagandha may interact with thyroid medications, potentially altering their effectiveness. If you’re on thyroid hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine, or antithyroid medications, like methimazole or propylthiouracil, you should consult your healthcare provider before adding ashwagandha to your treatment regimen to avoid unintended hormonal fluctuations. According to the United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, ashwagandha can also interact with other medications, such as sedatives (due to its calming effects), anticonvulsants (which could affect seizure control), antihypertensives (potentially leading to lowered blood pressure), and immunosuppressants (which might counteract their effects).
3. Negative Side Effects
While ashwagandha is generally considered safe for most people, it can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and allergic reactions, such as skin rashes, itching, or difficulty breathing in rare cases. Additionally, excessive intake might cause liver toxicity. In 2023, a case report was published in the Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, highlighting the potential hepatotoxic effects of ashwagandha. Described in the case presentation is a patient who developed severe liver damage after long-term ashwagandha use. The authors argue for stricter regulations on herbal supplement testing to prevent such incidents and emphasize the importance of considering ashwagandha as a potential cause of liver injury in patients with relevant symptoms.
4. Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Although ashwagandha generally offers many health benefits, pregnant and breastfeeding women particularly have to be extra cautious with its use. This is mainly because the safety of ashwagandha during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been well studied. Not only has there been very research conducted on how or whether ashwagandha promotes the proper development of the fetus, there is also an established risk of miscarriage (especially in the first trimester) due to the abortifacient properties of ashwagandha when consumed excessively. Iis therefore advisable for pregnant and breastfeeding women to avoid ashwagandha altogether, just be on the safe side.
5. Effect on Autoimmune Diseases
Ashwagandha may stimulate the immune system by increasing white blood cell activity and enhancing immune responses, which could potentially stimulate flare-ups or worsen symptoms of autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or thyroid autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease. If you have an autoimmune condition, be sure to consult your doctor before taking ashwagandha supplements.
Comparing Ashwagandha with Other Herbal Remedies for Thyroid and Overall Health
Ashwagandha vs. Rhodiola
Both Ashwagandha and Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) are adaptogens, meaning they help the body adapt to stress and promote balance in various physiological processes. However, rhodiola is often used for its stimulating and energizing effects, which can enhance physical endurance and reduce fatigue. In contrast, ashwagandha is known for its calming and sedative properties, making it more suitable for individuals with stress-related thyroid imbalances, such as hypothyroidism. Its calming effects can help reduce cortisol levels, which may indirectly benefit thyroid function.
Ashwagandha vs. Guggul
Guggul (Commiphora mukul) is another Ayurvedic herb traditionally used to support thyroid health, particularly in cases of hypothyroidism. It has been shown in several studies to increase iodine uptake by the thyroid and help lower cholesterol levels, which can be beneficial for individuals with thyroid disorders, as they are often at risk of elevated cholesterol. Combining ashwagandha with guggul may provide complementary benefits, as Ashwagandha supports overall endocrine health and stress reduction, while guggul specifically targets thyroid function. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before combining these herbs, as they may interact with other medications or conditions.
Ashwagandha vs. Bacopa
Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri) is primarily known for its cognitive enhancement properties and is often used to improve memory, focus, and overall mental clarity. It also has adaptogenic properties and may help support thyroid health by promoting antioxidant activity and reducing oxidative stress, which is beneficial for individuals with thyroid disorders. Like ashwagandha, bacopa’s adaptogenic properties make it a potentially beneficial addition to thyroid support regimens, particularly for those looking to enhance cognitive function while managing thyroid health.
Key takeaways
- Ashwagandha shows promise as a natural supplement for supporting thyroid health, particularly for individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism and stress-related thyroid dysfunctions.
- Its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties contribute to its potential benefits.
- It’s essential to approach its use with caution, considering possible side effects and interactions with other medications.
- Ashwagandha can be combined with other herbs like rhodiola, guggul, or bacopa for additional thyroid support.
- Individuals considering ashwagandha for thyroid health should consult with a healthcare provider to ensure it is appropriate for their specific condition and circumstances.
- More extensive and long-term studies are needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety.
